From the perspective of biodegradation process, it can be divided into two categories: fully biodegradable and biodegradable plastics; Considering the preparation methods, it can be divided into four kinds: biosynthesis, chemical synthesis and utilization of animal and plant polymers or minerals.

完全生物降解性塑料在化學(xué)方法合成時(shí)用利用脂肪族聚脂、聚乙烯醇（PVA）和聚乙二醇生產(chǎn)容易降解。利用這些高分子易生物降解的特性對(duì)生物降解塑料進(jìn)行研究開(kāi)發(fā)，其中以對(duì)脂肪族聚脂的研究?jī)?yōu)為突出。在縱多的脂肪族聚脂的中，聚己內(nèi)脂（PCL）應(yīng)用甚廣，它是一種熱塑性結(jié)晶型聚脂，可以被脂肪酶水解成小分子，然后，進(jìn)一步被微生物同化。美國(guó)UCC公司已進(jìn)行批量生產(chǎn)，并已經(jīng)用于外科用品、黏結(jié)膜、脫膜劑等產(chǎn)品。PCL與PHB共混后，也可以制備生物降解塑料。脂肪族聚脂與尼龍進(jìn)行胺脂的交換反應(yīng)，合成聚酰脂共聚物（CPAE），CPAE則是新型的一種生物降解塑料。

Fully biodegradable plastics are easily degraded by using aliphatic polyester, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene glycol in chemical synthesis. The biodegradable plastics are researched and developed by using the biodegradable characteristics of these polymers, especially the aliphatic polyester. Among many aliphatic polyesters, polycaprolactone (PCL) is widely used. It is a thermoplastic crystalline polyester, which can be hydrolyzed into small molecules by lipase, and then further assimilated by microorganisms. UCC company in the United States has carried out mass production and has been used in surgical supplies, conjunctiva, film remover and other products. Biodegradable plastics can also be prepared by blending PCL with PHB. Polyamide ester copolymer (Cpae) was synthesized by the exchange reaction of aliphatic polyester and nylon. Cpae is a new biodegradable plastic.

在用動(dòng)植物的高分子合成時(shí)，植物的纖維素、淀粉等，動(dòng)物中的殼聚糖、聚氨基葡萄糖、動(dòng)物膠以及海洋生物的藻類等，可以制造有價(jià)值的生物降解塑料。

In the synthesis of high polymers from animals and plants, valuable biodegradable plastics can be made from cellulose and starch of plants, chitosan, polyglucosamine, animal glue and algae of marine organisms.

也可以利用化學(xué)方法與高分子共混技術(shù)來(lái)合成可降解塑料，主要品種有PHB/PCL，糊化淀粉/PCL等制品。它們的主要特點(diǎn)是可完全降解，同時(shí)通過(guò)共混提高其耐熱性、耐水性以及降低成本，使其成為通用的降解性塑料。

Degradable plastics can also be synthesized by chemical method and polymer blending technology. The main varieties include PHB / PCL, gelatinized starch / PCL and other products. Their main feature is that they can be completely degraded. At the same time, through blending, their heat resistance, water resistance and cost are improved, so that they become general degradable plastics.

生物崩壞性塑料是屬于不完全生物降解塑料，是在烯烴通用塑料中混入生物降解性物質(zhì)，使材料喪失力學(xué)性能與形狀，而通過(guò)堆肥化產(chǎn)生與生物降解性能同樣的效果，因這類塑料成本低，國(guó)內(nèi)外已經(jīng)采用這種方法。

Biodegradable plastics are incompletely biodegradable plastics. Biodegradable substances are mixed into olefin general plastics to make the materials lose their mechanical properties and shape, and produce the same effect as biodegradability through composting. This method has been adopted at home and abroad because of the low cost of this kind of plastics.

生物降解塑料袋

Biodegradable plastic bag

脂肪族聚脂類生物崩壞塑料是通用塑料很纖細(xì)的纖維狀均勻的分散到具有生物降解性的聚脂而能使共聚物具有生物降解性。將脂肪族通用塑料如PE、PP、PS、PVC等共混，控制其相結(jié)構(gòu)和分散狀態(tài)，制得物理性能的生物降解塑料；而礦物質(zhì)生物崩壞塑料與碳酸鈣填充改性聚烯烴塑料相似，為了適應(yīng)環(huán)境的需要，研究開(kāi)發(fā)了高填充碳酸鈣母料以及專用料，以此制成薄膜、片材、盒等包裝材料。吉林研究所研究了PE/碳酸鈣類地降解材料。這類材料具有塑料用量低、能耗低、成本低等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，然而密度大、氣密性小、降解誘導(dǎo)期不宜控制以及力學(xué)性能較差的缺點(diǎn)，因此只能作為一次性使用的包裝材料，其降解性還有待進(jìn)一步研究。

Aliphatic polyester biodegradable plastics are general-purpose plastics. They are very fine fibrous and evenly dispersed into biodegradable polyester, which can make the copolymer biodegradable. Biodegradable plastics with physical properties were prepared by blending aliphatic general plastics such as PE, PP, PS and PVC to control their phase structure and dispersion state; Mineral biological disintegrating plastics are similar to calcium carbonate filled modified polyolefin plastics. In order to meet the needs of the environment, high filled calcium carbonate masterbatch and special materials have been developed to make films, sheets, boxes and other packaging materials. The PE / calcium carbonate degradation material was studied by Jilin Research Institute. These materials have the advantages of low plastic consumption, low energy consumption and low cost. However, they have the disadvantages of high density, small air tightness, uncontrolled degradation induction period and poor mechanical properties. Therefore, they can only be used as disposable packaging materials, and their degradation needs to be further studied.

生物降解型塑料的發(fā)展方向是

What is the development direction of biodegradable plastics

A、利用纖維素、淀粉、甲殼質(zhì)等高分子材料制取生物降解塑料，進(jìn)一步開(kāi)發(fā)改良高分子的功能與技術(shù)。

A. Biodegradable plastics are prepared from polymer materials such as cellulose, starch and chitin, and the functions and technologies of improved polymers are further developed.

B、利用高分子設(shè)計(jì)、精細(xì)合成技術(shù)合成生物降解塑料。通過(guò)對(duì)具有生物降解性的合成高分子生物降解機(jī)理的解析，制取生物降解塑料；同時(shí)對(duì)這類高分子與現(xiàn)有通用聚合物、高分子、微生物類聚合物等的鑲段共聚進(jìn)行研究開(kāi)發(fā)；

B. Biodegradable plastics were synthesized by polymer design and fine synthesis technology. Biodegradable plastics were prepared by analyzing the biodegradation mechanism of synthetic polymers with biodegradability; At the same time, the block copolymerization of these polymers with existing general polymers, polymers and microbial polymers was studied and developed;

C、提高生物降解塑料的生物降解性能和降低其成本，并擴(kuò)寬應(yīng)用。

C. Improve the biodegradability of biodegradable plastics, reduce its cost, and expand its application.

D、降解速度的控制研究。總之，隨著社會(huì)的需要，生物降解塑料會(huì)越來(lái)越受到重視，成為今后一個(gè)時(shí)期的重大研究課題。

D. Study on the control of degradation rate. In short, with the needs of society, biodegradable plastics will be paid more and more attention and become a major research topic in the future.

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